Abstract Objective: To identify and assess the current evidence available about the costs of managing hospitalized pediatric patients diagnosed with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (PIV3) in upper-middle-income countries. Methods: The authors conducted a systematic review across seven key databases from database inception to July 2022. Costs extracted were converted into 2022 International Dollars using the Purchasing Power Parity-adjusted. PROSPERO identifier: CRD42020225757. Results: No eligible study for PIV3 was recovered. For RSV, cost analysis and COI studies were performed for populations in Colombia, China, Malaysia, and Mexico. Comparing the total economic impact, the lowest cost per patient at the pediatric ward was observed in Malaysia ($ 347.60), while the highest was in Colombia ($ 709.66). On the other hand, at pediatric ICU, the lowest cost was observed in China ($ 1068.26), while the highest was in Mexico ($ 3815.56). Although there is no consensus on the major cost driver, all included studies described that the medications (treatment) consumed over 30% of the total cost. A high rate of inappropriate prescription drugs was observed. Conclusion: The present study highlighted how RSV infection represents a substantial economic burden to health care systems and to society. The findings of the included studies suggest a possible association between baseline risk status and expenditures. Moreover, it was observed that an important amount of the cost is destinated to treatments that have no evidence or support in most clinical practice guidelines.

Ochrobactrum anthropi infection in newborn patients is rare, and the treatment is challenging because of its widespread and unpredictable resistance to antimicrobial agents and discrepancies between in vitro susceptibility and in vivo efficacy. We report the clinical and microbiological characteristics of Ochrobactrum anthropi bacteremia in a preterm patient.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever um surto de norovírus ocorrido em uma instituição de longa permanência no Brasil, de 8 a 29 de julho 2005. Métodos: Nas primeiras 48 a 72 horas após o início dos sintomas entre moradores da instituição de longa permanência e funcionários, as principais estratégias de controle da infecção foram: educação da equipe, reforço na higienização das mãos, implementação de precauções de contato até 48 a 72 horas após o término de sintomas, limpeza “terminal” dos quartos dos moradores e afastamento dos funcionários sintomáticos até 48 a 72 horas após o término dos sintomas. As características clínicas e epidemiológicas das infecções por norovírus foram descritas baseadas nos dados dos prontuários. Resultados: A incidência foi 41,3% entre moradores e 16,25% entre funcionários. O principal sintoma foi diarreia, acometendo 100% dos casos; 44% das amostras de fezes foram positivas pela análise RIDASCREEN® Norovirus, com a identificação do norovírus genogrupo II. Setenta por cento dos moradores eram do sexo feminino, com idade de 51 a 98 anos. Os moradores tinham, em média, duas comorbidades, sendo 87,3% com doenças cardiovasculares ou pulmonares e 47,6% com demência. Não houve recidiva do surto ou óbitos. Conclusões: As medidas precoces de prevenção associada à vigilância são estratégias que mantém as instituições de longa permanência livres de infecções por norovírus e protegem aqueles indivíduos mais vulneráveis.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe a norovirus outbreak in a Brazilian long-term care facility from July 8 to 29, 2005. Methods: In the first 48 to 72 hours after onset of symptoms in inpatients and employees, the main infection control strategies were staff education, emphasis on hand washing, implementing contact precautions up to 48-72 hours after resolution of symptoms, complete cleaning of the rooms and exclusion of symptomatic employees from work until 48-72 hours after resolution of their symptoms. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the norovirus infections were described based on chart review. Results: The incidence among inpatients and employees was 41.3% and 16.25%, respectively. The main symptom was diarrhea, affecting 100% of inpatients and employees. Forty-four percent of specimens were positive by RIDASCREEN® Norovirus analyses, and identified as norovirus genogroup GII. Seventy percent of inpatients were women and their age range was 51-98 years. Inpatients had in average two comorbid conditions – 87.3% with cardiovascular or chronic pulmonary condition and 47.6% with dementia. There was not relapse or death. Conclusions: The early infection-control measures associated to surveillance are required to keep long-term care facilities free of noroviruses and to protect those who are most vulnerable.